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The theory of loops (groups without associativity), though researched by several mathematicians has not found a sound expression, for books, be it research level or otherwise, solely dealing with the properties of loops are absent. This is in marked contrast with group theory where books are abundantly available for all levels: as graduate texts and as advanced research books....

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This book is the Spanish translation of Applications of Smarandache Function, and Prime and Coprime Functions.

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In 1996 the author wrote reviews for "Zentralblatt fUr Mathematik" for books [11 and [21 and this was him first contact of with the Smarandache's problems. In [1] Florentin Smarandache formulated 105 unsolved problems, while in [21 C. Dumitrescu and V. Seleacu formulated 140 unsolved problems. The second book contains almost all problems from [11, but now everyone problem has unique number and by this reason the author will use the numeration of the problems from [2]. Also, in [2] there are some problems, which are not included in [1]. On the other hane, there are problems from [1], which are not included in [2]. One of them is Problem 62 from [1], which is included here under the same number. In the summer of 1998 the author found the books in his library and for a first time tried to solve a problem from them. After some attempts one of the problems was solved and this was a power impulse for the next research. In the present book are collected the 27 problems solved by the middle of February 1999....

Table of Contents Details
Preface 5 -- 1. On The 4-Th Smarandache's Problem 7 -- 2. On The 16-Th Smarandache's Problem 12 -- 3. On The 22-Nd, The 23-Rd, And The 24th -- Smarandache's Problems 16 -- 4. On The 37-Th And The 38th -- Smarandache's Problems 22 -- 5. On The 39-Th, The 40-Th, The 41st, And -- The 42-Nd Smarandache's Problems 27 -- 6. On The 43-Rd And 44-Th Smarandache's -- Problems 33 -- 7. On The 61-St, The 62-Nd, And The 63red -- Smarandache's Problems 38 -- 8. On The 97-Th, The 98-Th, And The 99th -- Smarandache's Problems 50 -- 9. On The 100-Th, The 101-St, And The 102nd -- Smarandache's Problems 57 -- 10. On The Ll7-Th Smarandache's Problem 62 -- Ll. On The Ll8-Th Smarandache's Problem 64 -- 12. On The 125-Th Smarandache's Problem 66 -- 13. On The I26-Th Smarandache's Problem 68 -- 14. On The 62-Nd Smarandache's Problem 71 -- Is. Conclusion 74 -- 16. Appendix 76 -- References 83 -- Curriculum Vitae Of K. Atanassov 86 --...

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In writing a book, one encounters and overcomes many obstacles. Not the least of which is the occasional case of writer’s block. This is especially true in mathematics where sometimes the answer is currently and may for all time be unknown. There is nothing worse than writing yourself into a corner where your only exit is to build a door by solving unsolved problems. In any case, it is my hope that you will read this volume and come away thinking that I have overcome enough of those obstacles to make the book worthwhile. As always, your comments and criticisms are welcome. Feel free to contact me using any of the addresses listed below, although e-mail is the preferred method....

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This book consists of a selection of papers most of which were produced during the period 1999-2002. They have been inspired by questions raised in recent articles in current Mathematics journals and in Florentin Smarandache’s wellknown publication Only Problems, Not Solutions. All topics are independent of one another and can be read separately. Findings are illustrated with diagrams and tables. The latter have been kept to a minimum as it is often not the numbers but the general behaviour and pattern of numbers that matters. One of the facinations with number problems is that they are often easy to formulate but hard to solve – if ever, and if one finds a solution, new questions present themselves and one may end up having more new questions than questions answered....

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The study of bialgebraic structures started very recently. Till date there are no books solely dealing with bistructures. The study of bigroups was carried out in 1994-1996. Further research on bigroups and fuzzy bigroups was published in 1998. In the year 1999, bivector spaces was introduced. In 2001, concept of free De Morgan bisemigroups and bisemilattices was studied. It is said by Zoltan Esik that these bialgebraic structures like bigroupoids, bisemigroups, binear rings help in the construction of finite machines or finite automaton and semi automaton. The notion of non-associative bialgebraic structures was first introduced in the year 2002. The concept of bialgebraic structures which we define and study are slightly different from the bistructures using category theory of Girard's classical linear logic. We do not approach the bialgebraic structures using category theory or linear logic....

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Smarandache notions, which can be undoubtedly characterized as interesting mathematics, has the capacity of being utilized to analyse, study and introduce, naturally, the concepts of several structures by means of extension or identification as a substructure. Several researchers around the world working on Smarandache notions have systematically carried out this study. This is the first book on the Smarandache algebraic structures that have two binary operations. Semirings are algebraic structures with two binary operations enjoying several properties and it is the most generalized structure — for all rings and fields are semirings. The study of this concept is very meagre except for a very few research papers. Now, when we study the Smarandache semirings (S-semiring), we make the richer structure of semifield to be contained in an S-semiring; and this S-semiring is of the first level. To have the second level of S-semirings, we need a still richer structure, viz. field to be a subset in a S-semiring. This is achieved by defining a new notion called the Smarandache mixed direct product. Likewise we also define the Smarandache semif...

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This book contains a group of Smarandache's theories and lessons on mathematics. It includes his famous "Smarandache Function" and how it is executed through with math....

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The main motivation and desire for writing this book, is the direct appreciation and attraction towards the Smarandache notions in general and Smarandache algebraic structures in particular. The Smarandache semigroups exhibit properties of both a group and a semigroup simultaneously. This book is a piece of work on Smarandache semigroups and assumes the reader to have a good background on group theory; we give some recollection about groups and some of its properties just for quick reference....

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The author's motivating interest the past few years has been the development and dissemination of G-dimensional theory (GDT). K. Toshihara, from Japan, proposed the concept of a paper defining G-Dimensional theory in relation to the Smarandache quantum paradoxes. After reviewing a draft, Dr. M. L. Perez, Editor of the SNJ, suggested the inclusion of the Smarandache (FTL) Hypothesis as well. So it is hoped that a determination of parametric relationships between the quantum paradoxes and GDT proves helpful in advancing interest and research in both areas. It became apparent from preliminary research that, although described in several forums and papers, e.g., the Smarandache quantum paradoxes have not been analyzed in depth or in terms of their relevance to modern science theory; so that, for example, "ask the expert" type online forums offer little in the way of explanatory relevance of these paradoxes....

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In this book, we study the subject of Smarandache Fuzzy Algebra. Originally, the revolutionary theory of Smarandache notions was born as a paradoxist movement that challenged the status quo of existing mathematics. The genesis of Smarandache Notions, a field founded by Florentine Smarandache, is alike to that of Fuzzy Theory: both the fields imperatively questioned the dogmas of classical mathematics....

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An associative ring is just realized or built using reals or complex; finite or infinite by defining two binary operations on it. But on the contrary when we want to define or study or even introduce a non-associative ring we need two separate algebraic structures say a commutative ring with 1 (or a field) together with a loop or a groupoid or a vector space or a linear algebra. The two non-associative well-known algebras viz. Lie algebras and Jordan algebras are mainly built using a vector space over a field satisfying special identities called the Jacobi identity and Jordan identity respectively. Study of these algebras started as early as 1940s. Hence the study of non-associative algebras or even non-associative rings boils down to the study of properties of vector spaces or linear algebras over fields....

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Near-rings are one of the generalized structures of rings. The study and research on near-rings is very systematic and continuous. Near-ring newsletters containing complete and updated bibliography on the subject are published periodically by a team of mathematicians (Editors: Yuen Fong, Alan Oswald, Gunter Pilz and K. C. Smith) with financial assistance from the National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan. These newsletters give an overall picture of the research carried out and the recent advancements and new concepts in the field. Conferences devoted solely to near-rings are held once every two years. There are about half a dozen books on near-rings apart from the conference proceedings. Above all there is a online searchable database and bibliography on near-rings. As a result the author feels it is very essential to have a book on Smarandache near-rings where the Smarandache analogues of the near-ring concepts are developed. The reader is expected to have a good background both in algebra and in near-rings; for, several results are to be proved by the reader as an exercise....

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The purpose of this book is to postulate some theories and test them numerically. Estimation is often a difficult task and it has wide application in social sciences and financial market. In order to obtain the optimum efficiency for some classes of estimators, we have devoted this book into three specialized sections: Part 1. In this section we have studied a class of shrinkage estimators for shape parameter beta in failure censored samples from two-parameter Weibull distribution when some 'apriori' or guessed interval containing the parameter beta is available in addition to sample information and analyses their properties. Some estimators are generated from the proposed class and compared with the minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator. Numerical computations in terms of percent relative efficiency and absolute relative bias indicate that certain of these estimators substantially improve the MMSE estimator in some guessed interval of the parameter space of beta, especially for censored samples with small sizes. Subsequently, a modified class of shrinkage estimators is proposed with its properties. Part2. In this section we h...

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This book contains short notes or articles, as well as studies on several topics of Geometry and Number theory. The material is divided into ve chapters: Geometric theorems; Diophantine equations; Arithmetic functions; Divisibility properties of numbers and functions; and Some irrationality results. Chapter 1 deals essentially with geometric inequalities for the remarkable elements of triangles or tetrahedrons. Other themes have an arithmetic character (as 9-12) on number theoretic problems in Geometry. Chapter 2 includes various diophantine equations, some of which are treatable by elementary methods; others are partial solutions of certain unsolved problems. An important method is based on the famous Euler-Bell-Kalm ar lemma, with many applications. Article 20 may be considered also as an introduction to Chapter 3 on Arithmetic functions. Here many papers study the famous Smarandache function, the source of inspiration of so many mathematicians or scientists working in other elds. The author has discovered various generalizations, extensions, or analogues functions. Other topics are connected to the composition of arithmetic funct...

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A complete understanding of what something is must include an understanding of what it is not. In his paper, “Paradoxist Mathematics” [19], Florentin Smarandache proposed a number of ways in which we could explore “new math concepts and theories, especially if they run counter to the classical ones.” In a manner consistent with his unique point of view, he defined several types of geometry that are purposefully not Euclidean and that focus on structures that the rest of us can use to enhance our understanding of geometry in general....

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This is a book on empirical number theory concentrating on the analysis of number sequences. Its focus is on a small part of a very large number of integer sequences defined by Florentin Smarandache. The author has. however. when appropriate included some other of his research results which organically belongs to this area. The content is organized into chapters according to the main considerations to make when programming the analysis. They are not mutually exclusive. As in my previous book Surfing on the ocean of numbers - a few Smarandache Notions and Similar Topics an attempt has been made to present results so that they are easy to understand and not to burdensome to read. There are many tables. some of which may be used for reference. but in general they are there to show the overall results obtained at a glance. In most cases it is the way in which sequences behave. not the individual figures. which is of importance. Some graphs have been included to illustrate important findings....

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A collection ot papers concerninq Smarandache type functions, numbers, sequences, inteqer alqoritbms, paradoxes, experimental qeometries, alqebraic structures, neutrosophic probability, set, and loqic, etc. is published this year....

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Over the past 25 years, I have been immersed in research in Algebra and more particularly in ring theory. I embarked on writing this book on Smarandache rings (Srings) specially to motivate both ring theorists and Smarandache algebraists to develop and study several important and innovative properties about S-rings. Writing this book essentially involved a good deal of reference work. As a researcher, I felt that it will be a great deal better if we thrust importance on results given in research papers on ring theory rather than detail the basic properties or classical results that the standard textbooks contain. I feel that such a venture, which has consolidated several ring theoretic concepts, has made the current book a unique one from the angle of research. One of the major highlights of this book is by creating the Smarandache analogue of the various ring theoretic concepts we have succeeded in defining around 243 Smarandache concepts....

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The study of Smarandache Algebraic Structure was initiated in the year 1998 by Raul Padilla following a paper written by Florentin Smarandache called “Special Algebraic Structures”. In his research, Padilla treated the Smarandache algebraic structures mainly with associative binary operation. Since then the subject has been pursued by a growing number of researchers and now it would be better if one gets a coherent account of the basic and main results in these algebraic structures. This book aims to give a systematic development of the basic non-associative algebraic structures viz. Smarandache groupoids. Smarandache groupoids exhibits simultaneously the properties of a semigroup and a groupoid. Such a combined study of an associative and a non associative structure has not been so far carried out. Except for the introduction of smarandacheian notions by Prof. Florentin Smarandache such types of studies would have been completely absent in the mathematical world. Thus, Smarandache groupoids, which are groupoids with a proper subset, which is a semigroup, has several interesting properties, which are defined and studied in this book...

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A collection of papers concerning Smarandache type functions, numbers, sequences, integer algorithms, paradoxes, experimental geometries, algebraic structures, neutrosophic probability, set, and logic, etc. is published this year....

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This document will describe the current status on the search for factors of Smaranda.che consecutive numbers and their reverse. A complete list up to index 200 will be given, with all known factors. Smarandache numbers are the concatenation of the natural numbers from one up to the given index, and reverse Smaranda.che numbers are the concatenation of the natural numbers from the given index dO\vIJ. to 1....

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A collection of papers concerning Smarandache type functions, numbers, sequences, integer algorithms, paradoxes, experimental geometries, algebraic structures, neutrosophic probability, set, and logic, etc. is published this year....

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A combinatorial map is a connected topological graph cellularly embedded in a surface. As a linking of combinatorial configuration with the classical mathematics, it fascinates more and more mathematician’s interesting. Its function and role in mathematics are widely accepted by mathematicians today. On the last century, many works are concentrated on the combinatorial properties of maps. The main trend is the enumeration of maps, particularly the rooted maps, pioneered by W. Tutte, and today, this kind of papers are still appeared on the journals frequently today. All of those is surveyed in Liu’s book [33]. To determine the embedding of a graph on surfaces, including coloring a map on surfaces is another trend in map theory. Its object is combinatorialization of surfaces, see Gross and Tucker [22], Mohar and Thomassen [53] and White [70], especially the [53] for detail. The construction of regular maps on surfaces, related maps with groups and geometry is a glimmer of the map theory with other mathematics....

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Papers concerning any of the Smarandache type functions, sequences, integer algorithms, paradoxes, Non-Euclidean geometries, conjectures, open problems, neutrosophic logic/set/probability, etc. have been selected for this volume. The...

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Papers concerning any of the Smarandache type functions, sequences, numbers, algorithms, inferior/superior f-parts, magic squares, palindromes, functional iterations, semantic paradoxes, Non-Euclidean geometries, manifolds, conjectures, open problems, algebraic structures, neutrosophy, neutrosophic logic/set/probability, hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe} quantum paradoxes, etc. have been selected for this volume. Contributors are from Australia, China, England, Germany, India, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Malaysia, Morocco, Portugal, Romania, Spain, USA. Most of the papers are in English, a few of them are in Spanish, Portuguese, or Gennan....

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In these proceedings of the second international conference on smarandache type notions in mathematics and quantum physics (december 21-24, 2000, university ofcraiova, romania; organizers: v. Seleacu and m. L perez) are collected articles and notes: in mathematics: related to smarandache anti-geometry, function, f-inferior part function, k-k additive relationships, 2-2 subtractive relationships, sequences, coprime functions, double factorial function, magic squares, problems, conjectures, equations, partitions, paradoxes, series, algebraic structures, pseodo-smarandache function, erdos-smarandache moments numbers; and in physics: related to smarandache hypothesis that there is no speed barrier in the universe, srm-theory of the possibility of constructing arbitrary speeds, and quantum smarandache paradoxes....

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I have met the Smarandache's world for the first time about one year ago reading some articles and problems published in the Journal of Recreational Mathematics. From then on I discovered the interesting American Research Press web site dedicated to the Smarandache notions and held by Dr. Perez (address: http://www.gallup.unm.edu/~smarandache/), the Smarandache Notions Journal always published by American Research Press, and several books on conjectures, functions, unsolved problems, notions and other proposed by Professor F. Smarandache in "The Florentin Smarandache papers" special collections at: the Arizona State University (Tempe, USA), Archives of American Mathematics (University of Texas at Austin, USA), University of Craiova Library (Romania), and Archives of State (Rm. Valcea, Romania). The Smarandache's universe is undoubtedly very fascinating and is halfway between the number theory and the recreational mathematics. Even though sometime this universe has a very simple structure from number theory standpoint, it doesn't cease to be deeply mysterious and interesting. This book, following the Smarandache spirit, presents new ...