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In agricultural soils the presence of enzymes assures a correct, integrated and regulated course of processes at soil-plant-environment interfaces that lead to the growth and production of crops for human and animal feed. The knowledge of their main properties and functions is a need for all scientists involved in this research field....

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Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) was found as the causative agent of the Non-A, Non-B Hepatitis (NANBH) in 1989. HCV is an enveloped RNA virus that could be classified into six genotypes. The major host cell supporting HCV replication is the human hepatocyte. HCV is primarily transmitted by exposure to contaminated blood. HCV exists in host blood as quasispecies, a population of dynamic strains closely related to each other. Hepatitis C patients may have decreased appetite, abdominal pain, jaundice, fatigue and flu-like symptoms, or could be asymptomatic. Acute infection refers to the first six months of HCV infection, while more than 75% of patients develop chronic Hepatitis in the natural course of HCV infection. The interactions between host immune responses and virus immune evasion determine the outcome of HCV infection. The base of the current standard therapy of HCV is pegylated interferon and ribavirin, the usage of which is restricted due to its side effects. No HCV vaccine is currently available in clinics. However, recent research has shown that a single strain of HCV could elicit broad cross-neutralizing antibodies against all kno...

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Why is this work so important? Most "modern" Anglo-Saxon authors cite Brodmann's 1909 work "Die Lokalisationslehre" for any reference to localization in the neocortex. However, during my own studies I found that sadly lacking in detail. For example, it contains only about 12 pages dedicated to the human neocortex. Von Economo and Koskinas apparently also felt this lack, as they wrote "Unfortunately, BRODMANN has given no description of the architectonics of this area, but has only listed the borders of his Areae, without one word about the cellular structure, and thus without having justified his tiling." (p. 693). Their own work is even today by far the most detailed cytoarchitectonic description of human neocortical areas, their features and their borders. The authors also include extensive discussions of all prior research on each area, revealing that the "old masters" knew very much which in the intervening decades has been forgotten and sometimes "re-discovered."...

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"If we submit this book to the public after a laborious, long work of one dozen years - the work was begun by Professor V. ECONOMO in the year 1912; 1919 Dr. KOSKINAS entered into the cooperation - this does not happen with the joyful satisfaction of having created something consummate. Only an artist can possess this feeling of having created something entirely of himself. Each scientific work however - however much new it brings - rests on the groundwork of whole generations and can be tested only through the work of later generations. In a certain sense those few researchers are enviable who with increased self-esteem overlook this fact, and feel the beginning and end of all of their knowledge is a product of their own examinations. However, every scientific work is always only a part of a total, only a stone; however, sometimes a cornerstone of that wall, which constantly builds the intellectual culture in the course of civilizations to protect itself from the enmity of superstition, ignorance and primitive instincts."...

Table of Contents Details
General part. Chapter 1. Introductory remarks. Chapter 2. General remarks on the cortex and its neurons. Chapter 3. Structure and development of the cortical lamellae. Chapter 4. Details of the composition and meaning of the lamellar cortex structure. Chapter 5. Area division of the cortex. Chapter 6. Methodology. Specific part. Description the individual areas of the cerebral cortex. Chapter 7. The frontal lobe. (Lobus frontalis) Chapter 8. Lobus limbicus superior. Chapter 9. Lobus insulae. Chapter 10. Lobus parietalis. Chapter 11. Lobus occipitalis. Chapter 12. Lobus temporalis. Chapter 13. Lobus limbicus inferior. Chapter 14. Final remarks....

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The free radical-mediated damage to proteins results in the modification of amino acid residues, cross-linking of side chains and fragmentation. L-tyrosine and protein bound tyrosine are prone to attack by various mediators and reactive nitrogen intermediates to form 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT). 3-NT formation is also catalyzed by a class of peroxidases utilizing nitrite and hydrogen peroxide as substrates. Evidence supports the formation of 3-NT in vivo in diverse pathologic conditions and 3-NT is thought to be a relatively specific marker of oxidative damage. The formation of nitrotyrosine represents a specific peroxynitrite-mediated protein modification; thus, detection of nitrotyrosine in proteins is considered as a biomarker for endogenous peroxynitrite activity. Formation of tyrosine nitrated proteins is considered to be a post-translational modification with important pathophysiological consequences and is one of the markers of nitrosative stress that have been reported in neurodegeneration, inflammatory and other pathological conditions....

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Non-infectious uveitis comprehends a heterogeneous group of intraocular inflammatory diseases that arise without a known infectious trigger. This complex group of disorders is often associated with immunological responses to retinal proteins, as experimental models of autoimmune uveoretinitis have shown. Herein we are going to discuss the biology of ocular immune privilege and the immunologic mechanisms that sustain non-infectious uveitis pathophysiology....

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You will find in this book: Definition of the true cupping, the starting point , the history of cupping, the precise scientific medical rules, elucidated by the savant M. Amin Sheikho, which the medical team has used in its scientific research, these rules can be summarized as follows: - The place of body for applying the cupping operation. - The suitable age for cupping operation. - Time of the cupping operation . - The physiological situation of the body. - The relationship between the Moon' effect and Cupping. - The simple cupping instruments. - The mechanism of the cup of cupping (Known as air-cups). - How to apply the right method of the cupping treatment. - The general lab report of the systematic scientific study about the cupping operation....

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Unknown to most people, Diabetes is not just a single disease but rather a group of complex diseases which have stemmed from various causes resulting in people having an above average blood glucose count or more commonly know as hyperglycemia. Diabetes affects all gender and age groups and is very common among people with a prolonged medical history of high blood pressure, heart ailments and kidney problems among others. Besides adults, children are also affected with this disease which clearly states that Diabetes itself may not only be a matter of eating the wrong diet, but may even be caused by hereditary genes that may be a sign of receive genetically traits passed on from one generation to the next and being triggered by the simple reason as indulging in a bad dietary habit or even an onset of some diseases....

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Sometimes, over complacency may get the best of most of us, particularly those who resolve themselves for not feeling anything that may give them the urge to visit a doctor unless they feel that there is something wrong with them, which in most cases may be a little bit too late for preventive medications. Over time, high blood glucose level damages nerves and blood vessels, leading to complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, blindness, dental disease, and amputations. Other complications of diabetes may include increased susceptibility to other diseases, loss of mobility with aging, depression, and pregnancy problems. No one is certain what starts the processes that cause diabetes, but scientists believe genes and environmental factors interact to cause diabetes in most cases. There are two types of Diabetes that are prevalent among people today, which is type 1 and type 2 Diabetes along with a third type which is called gestational diabetes that occurs during pregnancy. Other uncategorized Diabetes are usually caused through genetic inheritance, diseases that cause the pancreas to produce an insufficient supply...

Table of Contents Details
Chapter 1: Causes of Diabetes: Maintaining a Well Balanced Diet Chapter 2: Sweet Temptations: How to Balance Your Blood Sugar Chapter 3: It's All in the Mind: Self Realization and Self Denial Chapter 4: The Beginning of Something New Chapter 5: Beating the Odds: Winning Over Your Fear Chapter 6: Controlling Diabetes the Natural Way...

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Clinical pathology is a subspecialty of pathology that deals with the use of laboratory methods (clinical chemistry, microbiology, hematology and emerging subspecialties such as molecular diagnostics) for the diagnosis and treatment of disease. Hematology studies the blood and blood-forming tissues to evaluate presence of disease and assist in therapeutic interventions as clinically indicated. Clinical chemistry (also known as chemical pathology and clinical biochemistry) is the area of clinical pathology that is generally concerned with analysis of bodily fluids. Some of the objectives of this manual are to identify the most important hematological and functional pathological tests of vet importance, to diagnose different animal diseases by confirming the pathological causes that constraint live stock production and to have knowledge more about clinical pathology. Part one discusses about hematology which includes equipments and reagents, blood collection sites and procedures, preparation method for working solution, staining methods (staining procedures), hemoglobin determination, hematocrit determination (PCV), total RBC ...

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This eBook describes the forward-thinking approach, applying nanotechnology to achieve neuropharmaceutical innovations and aptly discusses the latest research and development trends in innovating Neurotherapeutic Delivery Technologies by leading research groups. The eBook lays down the foundation for breaking barriers in neuro-nanopharmaceutics and the unnerving thought of “Matter over Mind”. The era has arrived where we could well see pharmaceutical products that are truly ‘alive’, superseded with super-robotic feedback devices combined with nanocyborgs that can deliver to the body not only drugs but also a host of materials such as cells, genes, DNA, nerve signals, diagnostic probes, hormones, proteins and peptides in a much more easier manner as we have today with simply swallowing a pill. These revolutionary technologies are described within the later Chapters of this eBook based on a world where neuro-devices implanted into our brains would be fashionable to control our overall moods and performance....