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Nursultan Nazarbayev, in full Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, Nazarbayev also spelled Nazarbaev (born July 6, 1940, Kazakhstan, U.S.S.R.), president of Kazakhstan (from 1990), a reformist who sought regional autonomy for his Central Asian republic. Nazarbayev was the son of Kazakh peasants. He graduated from a technical school in Dneprodzerzhinsk (now Dniprodzerzhynsk, Ukraine) in 1960, from a technical school of the Karaganda (now Qaraghandy) Metallurgical Combine in Kazakhstan (1967), and from the Higher Party School in Moscow (1976). He worked as a steelworker and engineer at the Karaganda plant off and on from 1960 to 1977. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) in 1962 and rose through the ranks, becoming a full member of the Kazakhstan Politburo in 1979, chairman of the Kazakh Council of Ministers (1984–89), first secretary of the Kazakhstan party (1989–91), and full member of the CPSU Politburo (1990–91). In 1990 the Supreme Soviet of Kazakhstan elected Nazarbayev president of the republic....
This essay refutes the conpiracy theories about the creation of Israel. It is a very simple presentation of the circumstances under which the Jewish state was created, in order to become clear to the well intentioned and confused reader, that Israel was created like any other country....
This book is about how to improve global living standards. Topics include economic growth, income inequality, poverty, corruption, causes of the decline of the middle class, sustainable development, emerging technologies, and more. Below is a list of questions answered throughout: * Which nations have the best living standards? What are they doing right? * Why do rich countries still have so many poor people in them? * What caused the decline of the middle class in some nations like the US and UK, but not in others like Switzerland and the Nordic countries? * Has capitalism failed? Or have we become more socialist? Are those terms meaningless? * Is the government too big? Or not big enough? * Is libertarianism a good or bad idea? * Why are several industries dominated by a handful of corporations? What can we do about it? * Why are prescription medications so expensive? How do we reduce costs? * Do we need more regulations on businesses? Or less? * Should nations be more open to free trade? Or should they be self-sufficient? * Has globalization helped or hurt the average person? * Does economi...
The way representative democracy works means that campaign contributions, lobbying, and bribery are part of “normal” business strategy.
Chapter 1: Standard of Living Definition Chapter 2: Money, Wealth, and Value Chapter 3: Environment and Standard of Living Chapter 4: Measuring Standard of Living Chapter 5: Nordic Model Chapter 6: Swiss Democracy Chapter 7: What Is Capitalism? Chapter 8: Liberalization in Modern Countries Chapter 9: Free Markets or Fossil Fuels? Chapter 10: Markets Could Be Freer Chapter 11: Market Freedom Index Chapter 12: Market Freedom and Standard of Living Chapter 13: Capitalism or Democracy? Chapter 14: Too Many Regulations Are Bad Chapter 15: GDP and Poverty Chapter 16: Property Rights, Stock Markets, Economy of Scale Chapter 17: Is Taxation Theft? Chapter 18: Free Trade Chapter 19: Cooperative Socialism Failed Chapter 20: Employment Chapter 21: Why Developed Economies Are Slowing Chapter 22: Inequality and Standard of Living Chapter 23: Why Inequality Exists Chapter 24: Taxation Chapter 25: Welfare Chapter 26: Wages Chapter 27: Inequality-Based Tax System Chapter 28: Charity Chapter 29: Sustainable Development Chapter 30: Monetary Policy Chapter 31: Democratization Chapter 32: Internet Chapter 33: Religion ...
The Bill of Rights are the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution, and were ratified on December 15, 1791.
History, Politics
Jeremy Bentham's Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation , a classic text in modern philosophy and jurisprudence, first published in 1789, focuses on the principle of utility and how this view of morality ties into legislative practices. Bentham's ambition in life was to create a complete Utilitarian code of law. The philosophy of utilitarianism argues that the right act or policy is that which would cause the greatest good for the greatest number of people, also known as the greatest happiness principle, or the principle of utility. Bentham's principle of utility regards good as that which produces the greatest amount of pleasure, and the minimum amount of pain; and evil as that which produces the most pain without the pleasure. This concept of pleasure and pain is defined by Bentham as physical as well as spiritual. Bentham writes about this principle as it manifests itself within the legislation of a society. He lays down a set of criteria for measuring the extent of pain or pleasure that a certain decision will create. Bentham argues that certain unnecessary laws and punishments could ultimately lead to new and ...
Philosophy, Politics
Excerpt: Treaty On European Union. A new stage in the process of European integration undertaken with the establishment of the European Communities.
Contents HEADS..............................................................................4 TITLE 1.........................................................7 TITLE 2........................................................10 TITLE 3........................................................95 TITLE 4......................................................109 TITLE 5......................................................125 TITLE 6......................................................131 TITLE 7.....................................................135 PROTOCOL...............................................138 Declarations.................................................194...
A prose tract or polemic by John Milton, published November 23, 1644, at the height of the English Civil War... Milton, though a supporter of the Parliament, argued forcefully against the Licensing Order of 1643, noting that such censorship had never been a part of classical Greek and Roman society. The tract is full of biblical and classical references which Milton uses to strengthen his argument. The issue was personal for Milton as he had suffered censorship himself in his efforts to publish several tracts defending divorce (a radical stance at the time and one which met with no favor from the censors)... Areopagitica is among history's most influential and impassioned philosophical defences of the principle of a right to free speech....
Politics, Essay/Short nonfiction
This book is all about the fictional country called Utopia. It is a country with an ‘ideal’ form of communism, in which everything really does belong to everybody, everyone does the work they want to, and everyone is alright with that. This country uses gold for chamber pots and prison chains, pearls and diamonds for children’s playthings, and requires that a man and a woman see each other exactly as they are, naked, before getting married. This book gave the word 'utopia' the meaning of a perfect society, while the Greek word actually means ‘no place’. Enjoy listening to this story about a country that really is too good to be true. (Summary by Jenilee.)...
This work presents Rousseau's belief in the profoundly transformational effects of the development of civilization on human nature, which Rousseau claims other political philosophers had failed to grasp. Specifically, before the onset of civilization, according to Rousseau, natural man lived a contented, solitary life, naturally good and happy. It is only with the onset of civilization, Rousseau claims, that humans become social beings, and, concomitant with their civilization, natural man becomes corrupted with the social vices of pride, vanity, greed and servility. (summary by ej)...
Essay/Short nonfiction, Politics, Philosophy
La Société des Amis des Noirs est une association créée le 19 février 1788 qui avait pour but l'abolition immédiate de la traite des Noirs et non de l'esclavage; d'une part dans le souci de maintenir l'économie des colonies françaises, et d'autre part dans l'idée qu'avant d'accéder à la liberté, les Noirs devaient y être préparés, et donc éduqués. L'adresse à l'Assemblée nationale qui vous est proposée ici date du 5 février 1790. The Society of the Friends of the Blacks (French: Société des amis des Noirs or Amis des noirs) was a group of French men, mostly white, which were abolitionists (opponents of Black slavery and the African slave trade). The association was created on February 19, 1788, and was led by Jacques-Pierre Brissot, with advice from Thomas Clarkson who headed the abolitionist movement in the Kingdom of Great Britain. At the beginning of 1789, it had 141 members. The reply to the National Assembly which is presented here dates from the 5th February 1790 (from Wikipedia)...
The Commentaries on the Laws of England are an influential 18th century treatise on the common law of England by Sir William Blackstone, originally published by the Clarendon Press at Oxford, 1765-1769.The Commentaries were long regarded as the leading work on the development of English law and played a role in the development of the American legal system. They were in fact the first methodical treatise on the common law suitable for a lay readership since at least the Middle Ages. The common law of England has relied on precedent more than statute and codifications and has been far less amenable than the civil law, developed from the Roman law, to the needs of a treatise. The Commentaries were influential largely because they were in fact readable, and because they met a need. The work is as much an apologia for the legal system of the time as it is an explanation; even when the law was obscure, Blackstone sought to make it seem rational, just, and inevitable that things should be how they were. (Summary from Wikipedia.)...
This collection comprises recordings of seven historic speeches given to the UK House of Lords between 1641 and 1945. Readings are of speeches origninally given by the 1st Earl of Strafford (Thomas Wentworth), the 1st Earl of Chatham (William Pitt the Elder), the 6th Baron Byron (the poet Lord Byron), the 1st Duke of Wellington (Arthur Wellesley), the 3rd Earl of Lucan (George Lord Bingham) and the 3rd Earl Russell (the philosopher Bertrand Russell). (Summary by Carl Manchester)...
The Masque of Anarchy was Shelley's response to the Peterloo massacre at St Peter's Fields, Manchester, where 18 died and hundreds were injured, after Hussars charged into a rally for parliamentary reform. Written in Italy in 1819, the poem was not published until 1832, ten years after Shelley's death. This reading is from the first published edition with the addition of three words that were inserted in full only in later additions ('Eldon' in Stanza IV and 'Bible' and 'Sidmouth' in Stanza VI). The poem is preceded by Leigh Hunt's preface to the 1932 edition and followed by Harry Buxton Forman's 1887 lecture on the poem to the Shelley Society. (Summary by Phil Benson)...
Poetry, Politics
Excerpt: A spectre is haunting Europe -- the spectre of Communism. All the Powers of old Europe have entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre: Pope and Czar, Metternich and Guizot, French Radicals and German police- spies. Where is the party in opposition that has not been decried as Communistic by its opponents in power? Where the Opposition that has not hurled back the branding reproach of Communism, against the more advanced opposition parties, as well as against its reactionary adversaries? Two things result from this fact....
A philippic is a fiery, damning speech delivered to condemn a particular political actor. The term originates with Demosthenes, who delivered an attack on Philip II of Macedon in the 4th century BCE. Cicero consciously modeled his own attacks on Mark Antony, in 44 BC and 43 BC, on Demosthenes's speeches, and if the correspondence between M. Brutus and Cicero are genuine [ad Brut. ii 3.4, ii 4.2], at least the fifth and seventh speeches were referred to as the Philippics in Cicero's time. They were also called the Antonian Orations by Aulus Gellius. It is ironic that they were named after a series of speeches that failed to effectively warn the Greeks of the danger of Philip of Macedon whose son, Alexander the Great, went on to be one of the greatest conquerors of all time. After the death of Caesar, Cicero privately expressed regrets that the murderers of Caesar had not included Antony in their plot and became focused on discrediting Antony. Cicero even promoted illegal action, such as legitimatizing Octavian's private army. In total, Cicero made 14 Phillipics in less than two years - an impressively energetic feat for the over 60 e...
Politics, Essay/Short nonfiction, Classics (antiquity), Ancient Texts, History
This is the second collection of speeches given in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom. The collection comprises recordings of 14 historic speeches given to the UK House of Commons between 1766 and 1956. Readings are of speeches origninally given by parliamentarians including William Pitt the Elder, John Stuart Mill, Dadabhai Naoroji, Lady Astor, Stanley Baldwin, Clement Attlee, Aneurin Bevan and Tony Benn. (Summary by Carl Manchester)...