World Health Organization : Year 1996 ; The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, No. 96.1, Pages P1-34: Investing in Health Research and Development

By Tore Godal

Book Id: WPLBN0000133612
Format Type: PDF eBook:
File Size: 6.18 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Year 1996 ; The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, No. 96.1, Pages P1-34: Investing in Health Research and Development
Author:	Tore Godal
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Godal, B. T. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Year 1996 ; The Special Programme for Research and Training in Tropical Diseases, Geneva, No. 96.1, Pages P1-34. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
Many factors shape the health of individuals and the great variability of health within and across populations. Genetic endowments, of course, play a role. Economic status strongly affects outcomes by working through a range of more proximal determinants-including consumption of food that is adequate in quantity and quality, access to clean water and satisfactory sanitation, adequate shelter and access to health services. Poverty, thus, is a major cause of poor health-and it also perpetuates it: investments in health have become essential to economic growth policies that seek to improve the lot of the poor. Education, like economic status, works through multiple channels to influence health. Educated individuals quickly learn and adopt sanitary behaviours, more efficiently use food, more effectively utilize health services for themselves and their families and are more likelv to avoid health risks such as tobacco use. Measured effects of education on health prove consistently large.

Table of Contents
Contents Preface ................................................................... iii Study participants ........................................................... vii Acknowledgements .......................................................... ix Abbreviations and acronyms ................................................. xix Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi FindingsofthisReport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxi Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxvi Chapter 1: Introduction ........................................................ 1 1.1 The background to this Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2Scopeandfocus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1.3Approachandmethods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Chapter 2: Why invest in health research? Historical experience and the promise ofscience .............................................................. 11 2.1 The scientific underpinnings of past health improvement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 2.2 The value of research and the fundamental science base . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 Looking ahead: research tools for the future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.4 Chapter summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Chapter 3: An unfinished agenda: improving maternal and child health .............. 19 3.1 Responding to children's needs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.2 Achieving safe motherhood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 3.3 Chapter summary and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Chapter 4: The continually changing threat of infectious disease .................... 35 4.1Tuberculosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 4.2Pneumococcaldisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 4.3Malaria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 4.4 HIVIAIDS and other sexually transmitted diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 4.5 Maintaining control of microbial threats: global surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 4.6 Chapter summary and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 Chapter 5: The neglected epidemics of noncommunicable diseases andinjuries ............................................................. 55 5.1 Noncommunicablediseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 5.2 The accelerating epidemic of injuries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5.3 Chapter summary and recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 Chapter 6: Research to inform health policy ...................................... 77 6.1Healthandtheeconomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . .