Physical Processes Affecting the Movement and Spreading of Oils in Inland Waters

By Overstreet, R.

Book Id: WPLBN0000660328
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 1.09 MB.
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	Physical Processes Affecting the Movement and Spreading of Oils in Inland Waters
Author:	Overstreet, R.
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Science., Ecology & environment, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (U.S.)
Collections:	National Oceanographic Data Center
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	Government Reference Publication


Citation APA MLA Chicago Overstreet, R. (n.d.). Physical Processes Affecting the Movement and Spreading of Oils in Inland Waters. Retrieved from https://gutenberg.cc/

Excerpt
Introduction: When considering the movement and spreading of oil in lakes and rivers it is important to understand the general characteristics of the physical environment, such as flow rates, basin shapes, wind patterns, and mixing. It is also important to have a historical perspective on the nature, extent, and course of spills that are likely to occur in these waters. We know, for example, that rivers and lakes are popular recreational sites for sport fishing and boating. Their associated activities often lead to small spills of a few cubic centimeters of fuel which may leave rainbow or transparent sheen over tens of square meters of water. Additionally, urban runoff from parking lots and roads may wash down small amounts of hydrocarbons to create local sheens and detectable levels of oil pollution. These sources of pollution, although technically spills are reportable as ?visual sheens,? will typically be below our level of concern, and whatever environmental effects they cause are likely to be attributed to chronic conditions. At the other extreme, Very Large Crude Oil Carriers (VLCC), such as super tankers, typically do not enter lakes and rivers, and our experience has yet to supply us with an Amoco Cadiz or Exxon Valdez-sized spill of crude oil in inland waters. Therefore, we will focus on intermediate-sized spills, which are usually of refined products.

Table of Contents
Contents 1.0 Introduction ..................................................................................................... 1 2.0 Oil Properties 2.1 General......................................................................................................4 2.2 Classes of Petroleum ........................................................................... 4 2.3 Density, Specific Gravity, and øAPI Gravity.....................................6 2.4 Viscosity.................................................................................................... 7 2.5 Pour Point ................................................................................................ 9 2.6 Distillation Temperature...................................................................... 9 2.7 Flash Point ..............................................................................................11 2.8 Emulsification.........................................................................................12 3.0 Transport Processes 3.1 General....................................................................................................13 3.2 Flow in Rivers........................................................................................14 3.3 Modification to River Flow by Structures......................................17 3.4 Lake Circulation....................................................................................19 3.5 Wave and Wind Effects......................................................................19 3.6 Special Considerations .......................................................................23 3.7 Spills in Ice..............................................................................................23 4.0 Modeling Techniques 4.1 General ..................................................................................................25 4.2 Scaling ......................................................................................................26 4.3 Averaging................................................................................................27 4.4 One-dimensional River Flow Models..............................................27 4.5 Two-dimensional River and Lake Models......................................29 4.6 Vertically Mixed Lakes ........................................................................30 4.7 Three-dimensional Models ................................................................31 4.8 Special Considerations........................................................................32





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