Alternative Control

By Environmental Protection Agency

Book Id: WPLBN0000017067
Format Type: PDF eBook:
File Size: 1.05 MB
Reproduction Date: 2007

Title:	Alternative Control
Author:	Environmental Protection Agency
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Ecology, Natural resource issues, Environemtal protection
Collections:	Environmental Awareness Library Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	United States Environmental Protection Agency


Citation APA MLA Chicago Protection Agency, B. E. (n.d.). Alternative Control. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Excerpt: ALTERNATIVE CONTROL TECHNIQUES DOCUMENTS This report is issued by the Emission Standards Division, Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, to provide information to State and local air pollution control agencies. Mention of trade names or commercial products is not intended to constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. Copies of this report are available—as supplies permit—from the Library Services Office (MD-35), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, or for a nominal fee, from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22161.

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS Section Page 1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 2.0 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.1 UNCONTROLLED NO EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 X 2.2 AVAILABLE NO EMISSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES . . . . 2-4 X 2.3 CAPITAL COSTS AND COST EFFECTIVENESS . . . . . . 2-5 2.4 IMPACTS OF NO CONTROLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 X 3.0 PROCESS HEATER DESCRIPTION AND INDUSTRY CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1 PROCESS HEATER DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1.1 Heated Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.1.2 Reaction Feed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.1.3 Process Heater Design Parameters . . . . . 3-2 3.1.3.1 Combustion Chamber Set-Ups . . . 3-2 3.1.3.2 Combustion Air Supply . . . . . . 3-3 3.1.3.3 Tube Configurations . . . . . . . 3-6 3.1.3.4 Burners . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3.2 INDUSTRY CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 3.2.1 Process Heaters in Use . . . . . . . . . . 3-10 3.2.2 Process Heater Energy Consumption . . . . 3-12 3.3 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-19 4.0 CHARACTERIZATION OF NO EMISSIONS . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 X 4.1 FORMATION OF NO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 X 4.1.1 Thermal NO Formation . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 x 4.1.2 Fuel NO Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 x 4.1.3 Prompt NO Formation . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 x 4.2 FACTORS AFFECTING UNCONTROLLED NO EMISSIONS . . 4-6 X 4.2.1 Heater Design Parameters . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4.2.1.1 Fuel Type . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 4.2.1.2 Burner Type . . . . . . . . . . . 4-8 4.2.1.3 Combustion Air Preheat . . . . . 4-10 4.2.1.4 Firebox Temperatures . . . . . . 4-10 4.2.1.5 Draft Type . . . . . . . . . . . 4-12 4.2.2 Heater Operating Parameters . . . . . . . 4-14 4.2.2.1 Excess Air . . . . . . . . . . . 4-14 4.2.2.2 Burner Adjustments . . . . . . . 4-15 4.3 UNCONTROLLED NO EMISSION FACTORS AND MODEL X HEATERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-15 4.3.1 Uncontrolled NO Emissions . . . . . . . . 4-17 x 4.3.2 Model Heaters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-25 4.4 REFERENCES FOR CHAPTER 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-30