A Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Children Who Contact Cca-Treated Playsets and Decks

By Chen, W. Dang J.

Book Id: WPLBN0000068062
Format Type: PDF eBook:
File Size: 2.86 MB
Reproduction Date: 2007

Title:	A Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Children Who Contact Cca-Treated Playsets and Decks
Author:	Chen, W. Dang J.
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Ecology, Natural resource issues, Environemtal protection
Collections:	Environmental Awareness Library Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	United States Environmental Protection Agency


Citation APA MLA Chicago Dang J. Che, B. W. (n.d.). A Probabilistic Risk Assessment for Children Who Contact Cca-Treated Playsets and Decks. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Excerpt: LIST OF TABLES (CONTINUED) Table 6-6. Probabilistic Arsenic Cancer Risk Distributions and Risk Ranges for Children (Reducing Deck and Playset Residue Concentration by 99.5% in Warm Climates (Based on LADDs in Table 38 from the SHEDS-Wood document) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-13 Table 6-7. Cancer Risks Remaining Following Simulated Reductions from Hand Washing (Warm Climate Only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-14 Table 6-8. Probabilistic Arsenic Cancer Risk Distributions and Risk Ranges for Children in Warm Climates (Reducing Exposure by Washing Hands After Playing on Deck or Playset) (Based on LADDs in Table 39 from the SHEDS-Wood document) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-16 Table 6-9. Comparison of Cancer Risks from Combined Mitigation Measures at 10-6 and 10-5 Risk Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-17 Table 6-10. Comparison of Total Risk to Residue Only Risk Under Different Mitigation Conditions (Playsets and Decks - Warm Climate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-22 Table 6-11. Comparison of Mitigation Measures to Baseline at the 10-6 Risk Level (Warm Climate) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-25

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 2.0 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.2 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.2.1 Regulatory History of CCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 2.2.2 Current Development of CCA Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4 2.2.2.1 CPSC Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2.2.2.2 Updated International Actions and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2.2.2.3 Updated State Actions and Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2.2.3 Use Profile of CCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.2.4 Overview of CCA Chemistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 2.2.4.1 Speciation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 2.2.4.2 Fixation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 2.2.4.3 Leaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 2.2.4.4 Environmental Fate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-18 2.2.5 CCA Use and Potential Exposures to Components of CCA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-19 2.2.6 Probabilistic Risk Assessment versus Deterministic Risk Assessment . . . . . . 2-20 2.2.7 EPA and OPP Regulatory Approach to PRA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-22 3.0 EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 4.0 HAZARD ASSESSMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.1 Arsenic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4.2 Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4.3 Summary Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4.4 Early-Life Exposures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4.5 Relative Bioavailability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4.6 Dermal Absorption . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 5.0 RISK CHARACTERIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.2 Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 5.2.1 Noncancer Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5.2.2 Carcinogenic Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-22 5.3 Risk Reduction Assuming 0.01% Dermal Absorption Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-28 5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-37