Bulletin of the World Health Organization : 1957; Volume 16, Number 6, Year 1957, Pages 1203-1218: Progress in Physiological Studies of Insecticide Resistance

By L. E. Chadwick

Book Id: WPLBN0000083738
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 0.9 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	Bulletin of the World Health Organization : 1957; Volume 16, Number 6, Year 1957, Pages 1203-1218: Progress in Physiological Studies of Insecticide Resistance
Author:	L. E. Chadwick
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Chadwick, L. E. (n.d.). Bulletin of the World Health Organization : 1957; Volume 16, Number 6, Year 1957, Pages 1203-1218. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
In nearly all of the advanced industrial countries of the world, the proportion of the population who smoke cigarettes has been falling steadily since the late 1960s. It is, in many ways, one of the more remarkable mass changes in health-related behaviour ever documented. The decline appeared to accelerate from the late 1970s into the 1980s aided perhaps by the economic recession at that time, and has resumed a gentler downward path since. The decline in cigarette smoking has been most marked among men. This is illustrated simply by comparing the two graphs in Figures 1 and 2. In most countries prior to the early 1970s , at least half the male population were regular smokers. Typically, these proportions fell below one half before the end of the 1970s and are now falling towards one third. In the United States, for example, in 1965, 52% of men smoked; in 1976,42% and in 1985,33%. In the UK corresponding figures are 54%, 45% and 35% ; in Finland, 51%, 41% and 36% ; in Norway, 57%, 52% and (in 1980) 46%. In countries where data is not available before the early 1970s, the decline in men's smoking still fits the later trend very closely, especially in Austria, Belgium, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. In other countries, the fall has been less marked. In Germany, for example, 44% of men still smoked in 1984, down from 54% in 1973. Others started from very high baselines and still have a long way to go. In 1965,82% of Japanese men smoked and 66% still did so in 1984; in France 71% of men smoked in 1968 and exactly half in 1980; in Italy, 60% in 1965 and 54% in 1980. The most spectacular fall has been in the Netherlands where 82% of men smoked in 1963 and exactly half that figure smoked in 1982.

Table of Contents
CONTENTS Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :Pa g1.e1. 1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 Whypeoplesmoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Smoking as a habit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 The attitude model of smoking and not smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 3 Smoking and children . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 Why children smoke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4 Smoking and health education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 A friendly conspiracy for health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Manipulating the social climate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 5 Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 6 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 7 Selected Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51