World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 301: Protein Requirements

By G. Arroyave

Book Id: WPLBN0000109783
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 3.1 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 301: Protein Requirements
Author:	G. Arroyave
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Arroyave, G. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 301. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
INTRODUCTION The question of nutritional requirements is of great concern to FA0 and WHO. These organizations advise and assist governments on such matters as food production, processing and distribution, dietary requirements and the assessment of nutritional status, in order to improve the health of the people through better nutrition. Perhaps the most important nutritional problem that is still not fully solved is that of meeting the protein requirements of man. This is a subject that is receiving a great deal of attention in many countries.

Table of Contents
CONTENTS Page Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1 . The background to the problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.1 The problem of protein malnutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.2 Availability and consumption of protein . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Methods of approach in the estimation of protein requirements . . 10 2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.2 Obligatory nitrogen losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 2.3 The nitrogen requirement for growth . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.4 Effects of stress in normal populations . . . . . . . . . . . 17 2.5 Individnal variability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.6 The basis of reference : the relationship of protein requirements to body size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 2.7 Summary of the calculation of requirements . . . . . . . . . 19 3 . 711e requirements of man for reference protein . . . . . . . . . . 20 3.1 The protein requirements of children and adults . . . . . . . 20 3.2 The protein requirements of infants . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 Additional requirements for pregnancy and lactation . . . . . 24 3.4 The effect of climate and hea7-y \vork on protein requirements 26 3.5 The effect of pathological states on protein requirements . . . 27 4 . Amino acid requirements and amino acid patterns . . . . . . . . . 32 4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 4.2 The two-fold nature of the protein requirement . . . . . . . 33 4.3 Methods of expressing amino acid pattern . . . . . . . . . . 33 4.4 The reference amino acid pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 4.5 Amino acid imbalances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 4.6 Specific effects of other nutrient deficiencies . . . . . . . . . 39 4.7 The role of non-essential amino acid nitrogen . . . . . . . . 39 5 . Factors affecting the protein values of foods . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 5.2 The influence of energy supply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 5.3 Vitamins and minerals as factors in protein utilization . . . . 41 5.4 Factors affecting the availability of dietary amino acids . . . . 42 5.5 The measurement and expression of protein value . . . . . . 42 6 . Practical applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 6.2 Practical allowances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 6.3 Evaluation of dietary intakes of protein . . . . . . . . . . . 55 6.4 Practical measures for improving protein quality . . . . . . . 56 7 . Further research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 8 . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Annex 1 . Glossary of terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Annex 2 . Method of calculating protein scores with the new essential-aminoacid reference pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Appendix table . Protein in the current food supplies of selected countries based on FA0 food balance sheets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70