World Health Organization : Year 1997 ; World Health Organization, Tuberculosis, No. 97.229: Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World

By A. Kochi, Gtb, Dr.

Book Id: WPLBN0000150640
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 2.5 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Year 1997 ; World Health Organization, Tuberculosis, No. 97.229: Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Resistance in the World
Author:	A. Kochi, Gtb, Dr.
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Dr, A. K. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Year 1997 ; World Health Organization, Tuberculosis, No. 97.229. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
FOREWORD Bleeding, purging, bed rest, horseback riding, the mountains, the seashore, codliver oil, castor oil, chalmoogra oil, phrenic nerve interruption, thoracoplasty, pneumothorax, lucite ball or paraffin plombage, air in the chest, air in the abdomen ... the list of attempted remedies from the Greeks to the moderns seems nearly infinite. The length of the roster is a powerful testimony to the lack of efficacy of any of these measures. However, in the eight years from 1944 to 1952, three substances were uncovered which finally proffered predictable curative therapy for “consumption”. Guided by the observation that various species of soil organisms could establish a local hegemony, presumably by releasing substances that inhibited other similar microbes, Waksman initiated a laboratory at Rutgers University to test for “antibiotic” activity among these microbes. Schatz, a Ph.D. candidate in the laboratory, came upon just such an organism in 1943, one recovered from a nearby chicken coup. Eventually named Streptomyces griseus, these microbes elaborated a substance, “streptomycin”, which was potently inhibitory for tubercle bacilli.

Table of Contents
CONTENTS FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance . . . . . . 14 Main Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.1 The emergence of drug resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2 Mechanisms of and factors associated with anti-tuberculosis drug resistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.3 Drug susceptibility testing in tuberculosis: a historical perspective. . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.4 The need for a Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 2.1 The WHO/IUATLD Global Project on Anti-tuberculosis Drug Resistance Surveillance . 25 2.2 Supranational Reference Laboratory (SRL) Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3 Methods of laboratory diagnosis of anti-tuberculosis drug resistance . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.1 The absolute concentration method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 2.3.2 The resistance ratio method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.3 The proportion method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 2.3.4 The BACTEC 460® radiometric method. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4 Standardization and quality assurance of drug susceptibility testing . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.1 Anti-tuberculosis drugs tested . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.2 Mycobacterial cultures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.4.3 Drug susceptibility testing (DST) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.4.4 Participants in the proficiency testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.4.5 Analysis of the results of proficiency testing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 2.5 Coordination of national surveys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.5.1 Coordinating team. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 2.5.2 Survey protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5.3 Diagnostic centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5.4 Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.5.5 The National Reference Laboratory (NRL). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.6 Definitions and terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.6.1 Drug resistance . . . . . . .