World Health Organization : Year 1998 ; World Health Organization : Organisation Mondiale de la Sante ; Serie de Monographies, Issue No. 98.1084: Malaria Epidemics Detection and Control Forecasting and Prevention

By J. A. Nijera

Book Id: WPLBN0000157163
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 2.7 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Year 1998 ; World Health Organization : Organisation Mondiale de la Sante ; Serie de Monographies, Issue No. 98.1084: Malaria Epidemics Detection and Control Forecasting and Prevention
Author:	J. A. Nijera
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Nijera, J. A. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Year 1998 ; World Health Organization : Organisation Mondiale de la Sante ; Serie de Monographies, Issue No. 98.1084. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
I. GENERAL, CHARACTERISTICS OF MALARIA EPIDEMICS 1. Introduction Malaria has been one of the major causes of devastating epidemics in the past, They occur periodically following excessive rains and floods in arid areas or periods of drought in fertile river valleys, compounding the misery often brought about by such meteorological calamities. Malaria epidemics have obstructed efforts to colonizc jungle areas or to irrigate dry lands and have plagued displaced populations and refugees. They erupt following the devastation of war and spread with the demobilization of armies, thereby hampering the quick reconstruction of rural life. The ctymology of the word epidemic, from the Greek fi in~bqpiaa,r rival or stay in a counby (similar to the English visitation), from the verb i n ~ 6 q ~ i m - b , to come or to reside as a foreigner, shows the essential element of lhis strange phenomenon. The concept of 'epidemic' is itself a relative one. In principle, any sudden increase in disease incidence beyond what is considered normal will constitute an epidemic. As BrCs (1986) comments, it would be an error to consider as an epidemic a hitherto unrecognized endemic situation or a mere seasonal increase in the incidence of a disease. It would also be an error to neglect the significance of a single case of a new disease in a counwy, which might well be the prelude to a further dramatic spread of disease

Table of Contents
TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF GRAPHS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v ii 1 . GENERAL CHAFL4CTERISTICS OF MALARIA EPIDEMICS 1 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1. 1 . Historical background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 1.2 Major determinants of malaria epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 . Epidemic Waves and Periodicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5 2.1. Epidemic waves of different Plasmodium species . . . . . . . 5 2.2. Epidemic periodicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 3 . Classification of Major Epidemic Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1. True epidemics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1 3.2. Resurgences or failures of control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 4 . Classification oFEpidemic Risk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 2 I1 . EARLY DETECTION AND CONTROL OF EPIDEMICS . . . 25 5 . Recognition and Epidemiological Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.1. Confirmation and initial assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 5.2. Epidemiological investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 6 . Control of Epidemic Situations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 6.1. General principles of control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 9 6.2. Formulation and implementation of a control plan . . . . . . 30 6.2.1. Relief operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 0 6.2.2. Mobilization of resources and logistics . . . . . . . . . . . 30 6.2.3. Planning transmission control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1 7 . Disease Management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 2 7.1. Diagnostic and treatment facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 7.2. Improving the quality of care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 7.3. Public information and communication . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 8. Transmission Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 8.1. Emergency control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 8.2. Prevention and control of transmission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 8.2.1. Indoor residual spraying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 8.2.2. Impregnation of bednets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43