World Health Organization : Year 1999 ; World Health Organization, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments, Occupational and Environmental Health Series, No. 99.7, (Chapter1-4): Environmental Epidemiology a Textbook on Study Methods and Public Health Applications

By Tord Kjellstrom

Book Id: WPLBN0000163851
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 6.5 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Year 1999 ; World Health Organization, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments, Occupational and Environmental Health Series, No. 99.7, (Chapter1-4): Environmental Epidemiology a Textbook on Study Methods and Public Health Applications
Author:	Tord Kjellstrom
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Kjellstrom, T. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Year 1999 ; World Health Organization, Sustainable Development and Healthy Environments, Occupational and Environmental Health Series, No. 99.7, (Chapter1-4). Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
Acknowledgements This text was developed under the auspices of the former Office of Global and Integrated Environmental Health of the World Health Organization (WHO). Financial and other assistance was provided by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA). Although not formally on the editorial committee, the following individuals made substantial contributions to the editorial process: Carlos CorvalAn Eugene Schwartz Colin Soskolne Jacqueline Sawyer of the Office of Global and Integrated Environmental Health, WHO made a valuable contribution as the technical and language editor. The following individuals served as reviewers and contributed material:

Table of Contents
Table of Contents Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v.i i 1.0 What is environmental epidemiology? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 1.1 Role of epidemiology in environmental health management . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 History and development of environmental epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 1.3 Basic principles of environmental health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9 1.4 Environmental epidemiology and related sciences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 1.5 Applying environmental epidemiology principles in your work . . . . . . . . 15 2.0 Context of environmental epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 7 2.1 Context of environmental epidemiology studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 7 2.2 Biological basis for environmental epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2 4 2.3 Individuals and study populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 1 2.4 Ethics in environmental epidemiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 3 2.5 Deciding whether to do an epidemiological study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3 8 3.0 Review of epidemiological principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1 3.1 Concepts of populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 1 3.2 Measurements of health in populations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 3 3.3 Comparisons and associations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 8 3.4 Validity (systematic error, bias and confounding) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 3.5 Precision (random error, statistical power) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 3.6 Criteria for causality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 3 4.0 Exposure assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6.5 4.1 Concepts of exposure assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .6 5 4.2 Exposure pathways and media . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7 5 4.3 Exposure measurement techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8 7 4.4 Exposure modelling techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9.8 4.5 The exposure variable in an epidemiology s-tudy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 02 5.0 Health effects assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 09 5.1 Concepts of health effects measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 5.2 Health effects measurement techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 5.3 Methodological issues in health effects assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 5.4 Environmental health effects b2- organ system . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 27 5.5 Cancer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 6.0 Study design and methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 43 6.1 Concepts of study design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4 3 6.2 Types of study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1.4 5 6.3 Methodological issues in study design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 76 6.4 Strategy in choosing a study- design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1 79