World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 628: Arterial Hypertension

By O. O. Akinkugbe

Book Id: WPLBN0000164626
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 2.2 MB
Reproduction Date: 2005

Title:	World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 628: Arterial Hypertension
Author:	O. O. Akinkugbe
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Health., Public health, Wellness programs
Collections:	Medical Library Collection, World Health Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	World Health Organization


Citation APA MLA Chicago Akinkugbe, O. O. (n.d.). World Health Organization : Technical Report Series, No. 628. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Medical Reference Publication

Excerpt
1. INTRODUCTION The Twenty-ninth World Health Assembly, in 1976, invited the Director-General of WHO to prepare a long-term programme in the field of cardiovascular diseases, with special emphasis on promoting research on prevention, etiology, early diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitati0n. l It also stressed the need for the coordination of international activities in this field. The resolution was adopted because it is believed that cardiovascular diseases are now becoming prominent as a public health problem in developing countries as well as in industrialized ones, and, with progressive overall socioeconomic development, an increase in the toll of cardiovascular diseases is likely to follow. Hypertension is the most common of the cardiovascular diseases and affects most of the populations in the world ; it was therefore considered to be a highly appropriate subject for discussion by the first WHO expert committee to be convened under the new long-term cardiovascular diseases programme. Since the report of the WHO Expert Committee on Arterial Hypertension and Ischaemic Heart Disease in 1962, there have been extensive advances in our understanding of hypertension, particularly with regard to its epidemiology, natural history, and treatmenL3

Table of Contents
CONTENTS Page 1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 . Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.1 Classification by blood pressure level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2.2 Classification according to extent of organ damage : stages of hyper- tension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 2.3 Classification by etiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 3. Technique of blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.1 Direct blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 3.2 Blood pressure measurement using a mercury sphygmomanometer 11 3.3 Casual blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.4 Other devices for blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.5 Self-measurement of blood pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 3.6 Units of blood pressure measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 4 . Epidemiology of hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.1 Prevalence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 4.2 Changing mortality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 4.3 Age andsex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 4.4 Geographical aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 5 . Etiology and pathogenesis of essential (primary) hypertension . . . . . . 17 5.1 Genetic factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 5.2 Dietary influences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 5.3 Psychosocial factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 6 . Pathophysiology of essential (primary) hypertension . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.1 Haemodynamic changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 6.2 Neural changes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 6.3 Humoral changes : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 7 . Hypertension with identifiable cause (secondary hypertension) . . . . . 23 7.1 Hypertension due to drug administration . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 7.2 Hypertension due to organic disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 7.3 Hypertensive disease of pregnancy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 8 . Complications of hypertension : causes and effects . . . . . . . . . . . 27 8.1 Risk factors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 8.2 Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28