Crs Report for Congress Received through the Crs Web Iraq : Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, And Investigations Updated March 21, 2005

By Katzman, Kenneth

Book Id: WPLBN0000173104
Format Type: PDF eBook
File Size: 0.3 MB
Reproduction Date: 2008

Title:	Crs Report for Congress Received through the Crs Web Iraq : Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, And Investigations Updated March 21, 2005
Author:	Katzman, Kenneth
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Government publications, Legislation., Government Printing Office (U.S.)
Collections:	Government Library Collection
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	Government Printing Office


Citation APA MLA Chicago Katzman, K. (n.d.). Crs Report for Congress Received through the Crs Web Iraq : Oil-For-Food Program, Illicit Trade, And Investigations Updated March 21, 2005. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Excerpt
Summary: The “oil-for-food” program (OFFP) was the centerpiece of a long-standing U.N. Security Council effort to alleviate human suffering in Iraq while maintaining key elements of the 1991 Gulf war-related sanctions regime. In order to ensure that Iraq remained contained and that only humanitarian needs were served by the program, the program imposed controls on Iraqi oil exports and humanitarian imports. All Iraqi oil revenues legally earned under the program were held in a U.N.-controlled escrow account and were not accessible to the regime of Saddam Hussein.

Table of Contents
Contents Background and Structure of the Oil-For-Food Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Oil-for-Food Program Operations Prior to the 2003 War . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Changes Outlined in Resolution 1284 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Accomplishments of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Health, Sanitation, and Electricity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Pre-War Debates Over Sanctions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 The “Smart Sanctions” Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 Other Sources of Pre-War Humanitarian Aid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Pre-War Exportation to Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Termination of the Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Allegations and Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Post-Saddam Allegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 Subsequent Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Independent Inquiry Committee/”Volcker Committee” . . . . . . . . . . . 14 The “Duelfer Report” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 U.S. and Iraqi Investigations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Non-Oil-For-Food Program Illicit Trade: Trade Protocols, Illicit Oil Sales, and Oil Smuggling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Jordan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Syria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Turkey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Iran and the Persian Gulf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Oil-For-Food Program: Allegations of Mismanagement and Abuse . . . . . . . . . . 19 Oil-For-Food Program Contracts and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Original Program Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Cotecna and Kojo Annan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 Saybolt and Oil Inspections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Program Audits and Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 Iraqi Oil Surcharges and Contract Kickbacks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 U.N. and International Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Oil Vouchers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Benon Sevan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Other Issues and Allegations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Oil Exploration Contracts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Flights to Iraq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Military Technology Sales, Transit, and Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Issues for Congress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Presidential W