Into the Unknown Together : The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight

By Mark Erickson, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF

Book Id: WPLBN0002170394
Format Type: PDF eBook:
File Size: 2.90 MB
Reproduction Date: 10/15/2012

Title:	Into the Unknown Together : The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight
Author:	Mark Erickson, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Non Fiction, Military Science, Aerospace
Collections:	Authors Community, Technology
Historic Publication Date:
Publisher:	Air University Press

Member Page:	Air University Press
Citation APA MLA Chicago Erickson, Lieutenant Colonel, Usa, B. M. (n.d.). Into the Unknown Together : The DOD, NASA, and Early Spaceflight. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Table of Contents
1 NECESSARY PRECONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . 1 Ambling toward Sputnik . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 NASA’s Predecessor Organization and the DOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 2 EISENHOWER ACT I: REACTION TO SPUTNIK AND THE BIRTH OF NASA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31 Eisenhower Attempts to Calm the Nation . . .32 President’s Scientific Advisory Committee and Civil Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Johnson and the Preparedness Investigating Subcommittee . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The NACA Enters the Fray . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 The PSAC and “Introduction to Outer Space” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .53 Balancing Civilian and Military Responsibilities in Space . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79 3 EISENHOWER ACT II: FORGING A NASA-DOD RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 To Compete with the Soviet Union . . . . . . . 93 Space for Peace? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102 Air Force Philosophy Made Little Headway . 109 The NASA-DOD Relationship Phase I . . . . .111 ARPA’s Space Role Fades . . . . . . . . . . . . .119 Amending the Space Act . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 The Civilian-Military Liaison Committee and the National Aeronautics and Space Council . . .121 Space Act Amendments Stymied . . . . . . . .123 The Aeronautics and Astronautics Coordinating Board . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 The NASA-DOD Relationship Phase II . . . . 127 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 4 MERCURY, DYNASOAR, AND THE NATIONAL RECONNAISSANCE OFFICE UNDER EISENHOWER . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Mercury’s Antecedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .149 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 5 KENNEDY, PRESTIGE, AND THE MANNED LUNAR LANDING PROGRAM . . . . . . . . . . . .191 Kennedy and the Cold War . . . . . . . . . . . 193 Kennedy, Space Policy, and Prestige . . . . . 200 To the Moon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Did Kennedy’s Commitment Hold Firm? . . .221 Kennedy, the Soviet Space Program, and a Joint Lunar Landing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240 6 NASA, DOD, MCNAMARA, AND THE AIR FORCE UNDER KENNEDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .263 Air Force “Campaign” to Usurp NASA Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263 DOD Directive 5160.32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 274 The Air Force’s Space Philosophy and Space Plan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277 The OSD’s Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281 One Space Program, Not Two . . . . . . . . . .294 The NASA-DOD Relationship: An Overview of Support, Coordination, and Rivalry . . . .296 The NASA-DOD Relationship: Tension and Rivalry Specifically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 The NASA-DOD Relationship: Coordination Specifically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .309 The NASA-DOD Relationship: Support Specifically . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .314 The Reciprocal: NASA’s Contributions to National Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .322 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326 7 GEMINI, DYNASOAR, AND THE MANNED ORBITING LABORATORY . . . . . . . . . . . . 337 Project Gemini and the DOD . . . . . . . . . . 337 Dynasoar in 1961–62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351 Dynasoar and Gemini . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357 The MOL Emerged as Dynasoar Expired . . 361 An Addendum: Reconnaissance Satellites and Space Policy in the Kennedy Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .378 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .385 8 JOHNSON’S PHILOSOPHY, SPACE POLICY, AND INSTITUTIONAL CONTINUITY . . . . . . .395 Johnson, the Cold War, and Détente . . . . .395 Johnson, Space Policy, Prestige, and Budgets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 Continuity in the Air Force and OSD Perspectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 Continuity in NASA-DOD Relations I: Overview and Coordination . . . . . . . . . . .421 Continuity in NASA-DOD Relations II: Support and Tension/Rivalry . . . . . . . . . .425 The Reciprocal: NASA’s Contribution to National Security . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 438 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444 9 APOLLO AND THE MOL . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455 Preliminary and Background Information . 455 The Concept of the MOL . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 The Concept of the AAP . . . . . . . . . . . . . .479 The Execution of the MOL and the AAP . . .489 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .514 10 CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .538 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541 BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547