Practical Radio Communication

By Nilson, Arthur Reinhold, 1897-

Book Id: WPLBN0093310237
Format Type: PDF eBook:
File Size: 0.1 MB
Reproduction Date: 1943

Title:	Practical Radio Communication
Author:	Nilson, Arthur Reinhold, 1897-
Volume:
Language:	English
Subject:	Shortwave Radio, Radio, Ham Radio
Collections:	Universal Library Collection, Universal Library Collection
Historic Publication Date:	1943
Publisher:


Citation APA MLA Chicago Arthur Reinhold, 1897, B. N. (1943). Practical Radio Communication. Retrieved from http://gutenberg.cc/

Description
Description: 1943 public domain textbook, Practical Radio Communication: principles, systems, equipment, operation, including very high and ultra-high frequencies and frequency modulation.CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 DIRECT-CURRENT ELECTRICITY AND MAGNETISM 1 PART I. ELEMENTARY ELECTRICITY: 1.1. Electric Charges and Forces; 1.2. Protons and Electrons; 1.3. Potential; 1.4. Free Electrons in Solid Conductors; 1.5. Electric Current; 1.6. Electromotive Force; 1.7. Current Strength and Quantity; 1.8. Electrical Resistance and Conductivity of Materials; 1.9. Ohm's Law; 1.10. Simple Electric Circuits; 1.11. The Shunt Law; 1.12. Kirchhoff's Laws; 1.13. Conductance; 1.14. Energy, Force, Work, and Power; 1.18. Electrical Power; 1.16. Load Matching; 1.17. E.M.F. Produced by Chemical Action; 1.18. Directions of Current Flow; 1.19. Local Action; 1.20. The Voltage of a Cell; 1.21. The Capacity of a Cell; 1.22. Connection Methods; 1.23. Internal Resistance of a Cell; 1.24. The Telephone Receiver and Transmitter. PART II. MAGNETISM AND ELECTROMAGNETISM: 1.26. Natural and Artificial Magnets; 1.26. Poles of a Magnet; 1.27. Magnetic Fields; 1.28. Magnetic Transparency and Leakage; 1.29. Theory of Magnetism; 1.30. Magnetic Variables; 1.31. Purpose of Pole Pieces; 1.32. Magnetostriction Effect; 1.83. Fields around Conductors; 1.34. Induced Currents; 1.36. Production of E.M.F. by Field Cutting Conductor. PART III. THE MAGNETIC CIRCUIT: 1.36. The Magnetic Circuit; 1.37. Ohm's Law Equivalent for Magnetic Circuits; 1.38. Magnetic-circuit Computations; 1.39. Hysteresis. CHAPTER 2 ALTERNATING-CURRENT ELECTRICITY 60 PART I. ALTERNATING-CURRENT GENERATION AND TRANSFORMATION 2.1. The Alternator Principle; 2.2. Principles of the Transformer. PART II. INDUCTANCE: 2.3. Induction; 2.4. Self-induction; 2.6. Mutual Induction; 2.6. Inductance Measurements; 2.7. Practical Inductance Formulas; 2.8. Mutual Inductance Measurements. PART III. CAPACITY: 2.9. The Electrostatic Field and the Condenser; 2.10. Capacity of a Condenser; 2.11. Specific Inductive Capacity; 2.12. Energy in a Charged Condenser; 2.13. Capacity of Condensers in Parallel 2.14. Capacity of Condensers in Series; 2.16 PART IV. ELEMENTS OF ALTERNATING-CURRENT ENGINEERING 2.16. Construction of a Sine Wave; 2.17. Frequency and E.M.F. Formulas; 2.18. Effective Voltage and Current; 2.19. Effect of Resistance on Phase Relations; 2.20. Effect of Inductance on Phase Relations; 2.21. Effect of Capacity on Phase Relations; 2.22. Power Factor; 2.23. Ohm's Law Adapted to Alternating-current Circuits; 2.24. Series Circuit Analysis; 2.25. Parallel Circuit Analysis; 2.26. Series Resonance; 2.27. Parallel Resonance; 2.28. Power Relations in Alternating-current Circuits; 2.29. Kilo volt-amperes ; 2.80. Polyphase Alternating-current Circuits; 2.31. Power in a Three-phase System. CHAPTER 3 INTRODUCTION TO RADIO TUBES AND CIRCUITS PART I. VACUUM-TUBE CHARACTERISTICS 3.1. The Filament; 3.2. Effect of Plate Potential on Plate Current; 3.3. Effect of Filament Current on Plate Current; 3.4. The Control Grid; 3.5. Vacuum-tube Characteristics; 3.6. Amplification Factor; 3.7. Plate Resistance; 3.8. Transconductance; 3.9. The Alternating-current-operated Vacuum Tube. PART II. THE RADIO-FREQUENCY AMPLIFIER 3.10. General Amplifier Considerations; 3.11. The Class A Amplifier; 8.12. The Class AB Amplifier; 3.13. Class B and Class C Amplifiers; 3.14. Balance Circuits; 3.16. Neutralization of a Transmitting Circuit; 3.16. Radio-Frequency Shielding; 3.17. Inductance and Capacitive Changes with Shielding; 3.18. Grid-biasing Methods; 8.19. Radio-frequency Chokes. PART III. VACUUM-TUBE OSCILLATORS: 3.20. General Oscillator Considerations; 3.21. Fundamental Oscillator; 3.22. The Hartley Oscillator; 8.23. The Colpitts Oscillator; 3.24. The Push-pull Oscillator; 3.26. Conventional Electron-coupled Oscillator; 3.26. The Dynatron Oscillator. PART IV. RADIO AND POWER-CIRCUIT COMPONENTS 3.27. Radio Circuit Components. CHAPTER 4 TRANSMITTING-CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES PART I. CONVENTIONAL CIRCUITS: 4.1. General Transmitting Considerations; 4.2. Classification of the Radio Spectrum; 4.3. The Oscillator as a Transmitter; 4.4. The Oscillator-amplifier Transmitter; 4.5. The Crystal-controlled Transmitter; 4.6. The Practical Oscillator; 4.7. The Mechanical Resonator; 4.8. The Crystal Resonator; 4.9. The Temperature-control Chamber; 4.10. The Buffer Amplifier; 4.11. The Second Amplifier; 4.12 Harmonic Producers; Frequency Multipliers; 4.18. Modulation; 4.14. Modulation Percentage; 4.16. Carrier and Side-band Relations; 4.16. Modulation Methods; 4.17. The Modulated Amplifier — Push-pull System; 4.18. The Heising Modulating Systems; 4.19. The Output Impedance of the Modulated Amplifier; 4.20. The First and Second Power Amplifiers; 4.21. Power-amplifier Grid Excitation; 4.22. High-efficiency (Doherty) Power Amplifier; 4.23. The Audio Monitor; 4.24. The Frequency Monitor; 4.26. Antenna Coupling Circuits; 4.26. Meters; 4.27. The Power Supply; 4.28. Harmonics and Their Causes; 4.29. The Suppression of Harmonics; 4.80. Parasitic Oscillations. PART II. ULTRA-HIGH-FREQUENCY CIRCUITS: 4.31. Ultra-high-frequency Systems; 4.32. Ultra-high-frequency Oscillators; 4.33. Modulation of Ultrar-high Frequencies; 4.34. Ultra-high-frequency Transmitters. CHAPTER 5 RECEIVING-CIRCUIT PRINCIPLES 5.1. General Receiving Considerations. PART I. MULTIGRID TUBES, DETECTOR, AND AUDIO AMPLIFIER 5.2. The Screen-grid Tube; 6.3. The Pentode Tube; 5.4. Beam Power Tubes; 5.5. The Vacuum-tube Detector; 5.6. Plate Detection; 5.7. Grid Detection; 5.8. Power Detection; 5.9. Grid-leak versus Power Detection; 5.10. The Vacuum-tube Amplifier; 5.11. Amplifier Distortion; 6.12. Power Amplification; 6.18. Push-pull Amplification; 5.14. Grid and Plate Filtration; 5.16. The Diode Detector; 6.16. The Automatic Volume Control; 5.17. Noise-suppression Circuit. PART II. THEORY AND APPLICATION OF TUNED CIRCUITS: 5.18. General Circuit Considerations; 5.19. Simple Analysis of the Tuned Circuit; 5.20. Filter Circuity 5.21. Isolation and Band-pass Circuits; 6.22. Rejector or Trap Circuits; 6.28. Regenerative Receiver; 6.24. Superregenerative Receiver; 5.25. Superheterodyne Receiver; 5.26. The Single-signal Receiver; 6.27. General Communications Receiver; 5.28. Ultra-short-wave Receivers. PART III. RADIO-FREQUENCY-VOLTAGE AMPLIFIERS 5.29. Radio-frequency-voltage Amplifiers. PART IV. TESTING AND FREQUENCY MEASUREMENTS 5.80. The Cathode-ray Tube; 5.31. Heterodyne Frequency Meter. PART V. LOUD-SPEAKERS: 6.32. Loud-speakers CHAPTER 6 ELECTRONIC POWER SUPPLIES PART I. THE POWER TRANSFORMER: 6.1. General Transformer Considerations; 6.2. Voltage-regulating Transformers; 6 J. Electrostatically Shielded Transformers; 6.4. Protective Devices. PART II. THE RECTIFIER: 6.5. The Function of the Rectifier; 6.6. The High-vacuum Rectifier Tube; 6.7. The Mercury-vapor Rectifier Tube; 8.8. Inverse-peak Voltage; 6.9. Rectifier Circuits Classified; 6.10. Single-phase Rectifier Circuits; 6.11. Bridge-rectifier Circuit; 6.12. Voltage-doubler Rectifier; 6.13. Three-phase Rectifiers; 6.14. Junction Rectifiers. PART III. THE RIPPLE FILTER: 6.15. Function of Ripple Filter; 6.16. The Action of Filter Condensers; 6.17. Paper Filter Condensers; 6.18. Electrolytic Filter Condensers; 6.19. The Action of the Choke Coil; 6.20. The First Choke Coil; 6.21. Equalizing and Bleeder Resistance; 6.22. Voltage Dividers. PART IV. GENERAL RECTIFIER CONSIDERATIONS: 6.28. Ripple Frequency; 6.24. Losses in Rectifier Apparatus; 6.26. Typical Rectifier and Filter Systems; 6.26. Plate Fuses; 6.27. Rectifier Troubles. PART IV. ELECTRICAL INDICATING INSTRUMENTS: 6.28. Voltmeter for Continuous E.M.F.; 6.29. Ammeter for Direct Current; 6.80. Voltmeter for Alternating E.M.F.; 6.81. Ammeters for Alternating Current; 6.82. Thermal Ammeters; 6.88. Wattmeters; 6.84. Frequency Indicators; 6.36. The Ohmmeter. CHAPTER 7 ANTENNAS AND WAVE PROPAGATION PART I. ELEMENTS OF RADIATION 7.1. The Radiation Field; 7.2. Sky and Ground Waves; 7.8. Skip Distance; 7.4. Field Intensity. PART II. ANTENNA SYSTEMS 7.5. Short-wave Antennas; 7.6. Directive Antennas; 7.7. Feeding the Antenna; 7.8. Construction of Short-wave Antennas; 7.9. Ultra-high-frequency Antennas; 7.10. Principles of Operation and Design of Beam Antennas; 7.11. Ground Connection and Counterpoise; 7.12. Receiving Antenna; 7.18. Loop Antenna as Used for Directional Reception; 7.14. Minimizing the Error; 7.15. Effect of Frequency on Deviation; 7.16. Determining Sense of Direction; 7.17. The Bellini-Tosi System; 7.18. The Adcock Aerial for Directional Reception. PART III. ANTENNA MEASUREMENTS 7.19. Measuring Antenna Resistance; 7.20. Measuring Antenna Impedance; 7.21. Calculation of Antenna X and 12. PART IV. EXTERNAL FACTORS AFFECTING RADIO COMMUNICATION 7.22. Variable Factors Affecting Radio. CHAPTER 8 FREQUENCY MODULATION 388 PART I. THE TRANSMISSION OF FM WAVES: 8.1. FM Compared with AM; 8.2. Interchannel Interference; 8.8. Theory of FM; 8.4. Systems of FM; 8.5. The Armstrong Method; 8.6. Other Systems of FM; 8.7. The Western Electric 503A-1 FM Transmitter; 8.8. Practical Considerations of FM; 8.9. Propagation of FM Waves; 8.10. Polarization; 8.11. Transmitting Antennas for Use in the FM Band. PART II. THE RECEPTION OF FREQUENCY-MODULATED SIGNALS 8.12. The FM Receiver Compared with the AM Receiver; 8.13. The Limiter; 8.14. The Discriminator; 8.15. Radio-frequency Circuits in FM Receivers; 8.16. Servicing FM Receivers; 8.17. FM Receiving Antennas. CHAPTER 9 AVIATION RADIO COMMUNICATION 430 PART I. TRANSMITTERS: 9.1. Multi-frequency Ground-station Transmitter; 9.2. Converting a Phone Transmitter for CW; 9.3. Transport Aircraft Transmitter; 9.4. Maritime Aircraft Radiotelegraph Transmitter. PART II. RECEIVERS: 9.6. Transport Aircraft Communications Receiver; 9.6. Radio Beacon and General Purpose Receiver; 9.7. Marker Beacon Ultra-high-frequency Receiver; 9.8. Aircraft Antennas; 9.9. Aircraft Shielding and Bonding. PART III. RADIO AIDS TO NAVIGATION 9.10. Action of Loop Transmitting Antennas; 9.11. Transmission-line (T-L) Antenna System; 9.12. Radio Beacon-signal Methods; 9.13. Marker Beacons; 9.14. The Single-loop Direction Finder; 9.16. The Sperry Automatic Radio Direction Finder. CHAPTER 10 BROADCAST STUDIO 500 PART I. STUDIO ACOUSTICS: 10.1. Distortion; 10.2. Reverberation; 10.3. Standard Practice Broadcast Studios; 10.4. Production and Microphone Placement; 10.6. Sound; 10.6. Use of Logarithms; 10.7. The Decibel. PART II. MICROPHONES: 10.8. Microphones — General Considerations; 10.9. Carbon Microphone; 10.10. Condenser Microphone; 10.11. Dynamic Microphone; 10.12. Velocity or Ribbon Microphone; 10.13. Crystal Microphone; 10.14. Directional Microphones; 10.16. Lapel Microphone; 10.16. Parabolic Microphone Receiver-reflectors; 10.17. Machine-gun Microphone. PART III. ELECTRICAL TRANSCRIPTION APPARATUS: 10.18. Recordings; 10.19. Pickup Heads; 10.20. Pickup Equalization for Different Systems of Recording; 10.21. Expansion Systems; 10.22. Instantaneous Recording. CHAPTER 11 BROADCAST CONTROL ROOM 542 PART I. TRANSMISSION SET-UP: 11.1. Control-room Requirements; 11.2. Control-room Equipment. PART II. MIXING EQUIPMENT: 11.3. General Requirements and Types of Mixers; 11.4. Stray Fields and Noises; 11.5. Insertion Loss; 11.6. Adjunct (NEMO) and Pickup Mixing. PART III. AMPLIFIER CONSIDERATIONS : 11.7. Special Precautions against Disturbances; 11.8. Harmonic and Amplitude Distortion; 11.9. Advantages of Low-gain Amplifiers; 11.10. Types of Broadcast Amplifiers; 11.11. Plate and Grid Filtering; 11.12. The Main Gain Control; 11.18. Jack Circuits; 11.14. Reducing Hum Level; 11.16. General Considerations. PART IV. PROGRAM TRANSMISSION: 11.16. Speech-input Equipment; 11.17. Remote-control Equipment; 11.18. Monitor Amplifiers; 11.19. Volume Indicators; 11.20. Equalizers and Equalizing; 11.21. Frequency Runs; 11.22. Attenuation Networks. CHAPTER 12 BROADCAST AM TRANSMITTERS 592 PART I. BROADCAST TRANSMITTERS: 12.1. The Broadcast Station; 12.2. Definition and Rating of the Transmitter; 12.8. The Operating Power; 12.4. Frequency Control; 12.5. Western Electric 1-kw. Broadcast Transmitter; 12.6. Relay Operation; 12.7. Western Electric 5-kw. Broadcast Transmitter; 12.8. The Frequency Monitor; 12.9. Modulation Measurements. PART II. BROADCAST ANTENNAS: 12.10. Broadcast-transmitting Antennas; 12.11. Broadcast Transmission-line Coupling Circuits; 12.12. Application of the Antenna-coupling Unit; 12.18. Phase Monitors; 12.14. Antenna-resistance Measurement. CHAPTER 13 MARINE RADIO TRANSMITTERS 648 18.1. Radio Transmitters for Marine Use; 18.2. Keying Systems; Production of A2 Emission; 18.4. Medium-frequency Transmitters; 18.5.Emergency Transmitter; 18.6. Lifeboat Radio Equipment; 18.7. High-frequency Radiotelegraph Transmitters; 18.8. Coastal-harbor Radiotelephone Equipment; 18.9. A Complete Ship-radio Station; 13.10. Transmitter Care and Maintenance; 18.11. Transmitter Troubles; 18.12. Ship Antennas; 18.18. Coast Stations. CHAPTER 14 MARINE RADIO RECEIVERS 722 14.1. Marine Receivers; 14.2. Audio-amplifier Response Characteristics; 14.8. Audio-Amplifier Troubles; 14.4. Power Supplies for Receivers; 14.6. Protective Devices; 14.6. Multiple Reception; 14.7. Common Receiver Troubles Summarized; 14.8. Main Receivers; 14.9. Emergency Receivers; 14.10. High-frequency Receivers; 14.11. Filament Battery Charges; 14.12. Crystal-detector Receivers; 14.18. Marine Radio Accessories. CHAPTER 15 MARINE AUTOMATIC RADIO ALARMS 754 15.1. Approved Auto Alarms. CHAPTER 16 MARINE RADIO DIRECTION FINDERS 780 16.1. Applications of the Radio Direction Finder; 16.2. Elements of Direction-finder Apparatus; 16.8. Ground and Shielding; 18.4. Signal Indication; 16.6. Reducing Deviation; 16.6. Commercial D/F Models; 16.7. Marine Aircraft Direction Finders; 16i8. Calibration; 16.9. Operation; 16.10. Fixing the Position; 16.11. Maintenance; 16.12. Troubles and Remedies. CHAPTER 17 MOTORS AND GENERATORS 818 PART I. GENERATORS: 17.1. Types of Alternators; 17.2. Voltage Control on Alternators; 17.8. Direct-current Generators; 17.4. Commutation; 17.6. Commutator Sparking; 17.6. Commutating Poles; 17.7. Compensating-field Windings; 17.8. Double-commutator Generators; 17.9. The Drum Armature; 17.10. Armature Cores; 17.11. Field Excitation; 17.12. Brushes; 17.18. Voltage Control on Direct-current Generators; 17.14. Uses of Various Types of Generators; 17.16. Regulation. PART II. MOTORS: 17.16. The Construction Principles of the Direct- current Motor; 17.17. The Function of the Motor Commutator; 17.18. Counter Electromotive Force: Torque; 17.19. Types of Direct-current Motors; 17.20. Alternating-current Motors. PART III. MOTOR STARTING, CONTROL, AND OPERATION: 17.21. Hand- Starting Boxes; 17.22. Automatic Starters for Direct-current Motors; 17.28. Starting Induction Motors; 17.24. Manual Speed Control; 17.25. The Centrifugal Speed Regulator; 17.26. Operation of Motors. PART IV. MOTOR GENERATORS AND POWER-CONTROL APPARATUS: 17.27. advantages and Disadvantages of Motor Generator; 17.28. The Dynamotor ; 17.29. The Converter; 17.80. Double-current Generators; 17.81. General Maintenance; 17.82. Brush Troubles; 17.88. Bearings; 17.84. Troubleshooting; 17.86. Protective and Control Devices; 17.86. Generator-ripple Reduction; 17.87. Generator-ripple Filters. CHAPTER 18 PART I. STORAGE BATTERIES 863 18.1. General Battery Considerations. part i. the lead-acid battery: 18.2. The Lead-acid Cell; 18.3. Positive Plates; 18.4. Negative Plates; 18.8. The Active Material; 18.6. The Electrolyte; 18.7. Construction of Cells; 18.8. Chemical Action in a Lead Cell; 18.9. Specific Gravity and the Hydrometer; 18.10. The Voltage of the Lead Cell; 18.11. Discharge Rates and Limits; 18.12. Charging and Charging Paob Rates; 18.13. Charging Requirements; 18.14. Charging Methods; 18.15. Effect of Temperature on Operation; 18.16. Gas and Ventilation; 18.17. Effect of Wrong Polarity; 18.18. Sulphation and Remedies; 18.19. Care and Operation of Lead Cells; 18.20. Troubles and Their Remedies. PART II. THE NICKEL-IRON- ALKALINE BATTERY: 18.21. The Nickel-Iron-Alkaline Cell; 18.22. Care and Management; 18.28. The Chemical Reaction in an Edison Cell; 18.24. Charging; 18.25. The State of Charge of an Edison Battery; 18.26. Ventilation; 18.27. Capacity; 18.28. Summary of Data on Lead and Edison Cells. PART III. STORAGE BATTERY SWITCHBOARDS AND CHARGERS 18.29. The Exide Switchboard; 18.30. The Edison Battery Switchboard; 18.81. Charging Panel for Receiver Batteries; 18.82. Lifeboat Panel; 18.33. Ampere-hour Meters; 18.34. Reverse-current Relay; 18.35. The Tungar Battery Charger. APPENDIX Useful Technical and Operating Information Table A. — Wave-length-frequency Conversion Table 907 Table B. — Relation of Wave Length (X), Frequency (/), 2./ = («), and LxC 908 Three-place Logarithmic Tables 91 Index 915 Digitized .